Hi, I'm Amalinda from Sri Lanka 🇱🇰. ආයුබෝවන්! (āyubōwan!)— a wish for a long and prosperous life in Sinhalese.

I am fortunate to be a PhD student advised by Professor Mo Li. I joined NTU Singapore in 2017. Prior to that, I served as a lecturer at both SLIIT and UNIVOTEC in Sri Lanka. I received my B.Eng. in Electronic Engineering from Sheffield Hallam University, UK, in 2014. I am an elected member of The Institution of Engineers, Singapore (IES), which is Singapore's signatory to the Washington Accord.

Central to my interests is spectral optimization, specifically, implementing physical layer techniques that enhance the co-existence & fairness of LPWANs. My current work is focused on bringing improvements to LoRa— a low-power LOng RAnge communication protocol for the Internet of Things.

Beyond academic pursuits, I find joy in enhancing my computing abilities with GNU/Linux tools, exploring the IPFS universe, tinkering with embedded systems and software-defined radios. I also enjoy capturing moments through photography.

News:
  • [OCT'23] LMAC is now in the open source Radiolib LoRaWAN library.
  • [MMM'21] LMAC is now in the LoRa Basic Modem, the official implementation of LoRaWAN. Thank you Semtech!
  • [MMM'21] LMAC was voted by the members of LoRa Alliance to be a part of LoRaWAN standard as TR-013.
Further back in time...
  • [MMM'21] CSMA Task Force initiated by the LoRa Alliance to integrate LMAC as TR-013.
  • [MMM'21] "Benefits of enabling CSMA for LoRaWAN" a joint presentation to the LoRa Alliance by myself and Porf. Li.

Publications.

LoRa:

LMAC: Efficient Carrier-Sense Multiple Access for LoRa {pdf}
Amalinda Gamage+, Jansen Christian Liando+, Chaojie Gu+, Rui Tan+, Mo Li+
+NTU, SG, in ACM MobiCom, London, UK, September, 2020.

[Enabling industry compliance] LMAC: Efficient Carrier-Sense Multiple Access for LoRa {pdf}
Amalinda Gamage+, Jansen Christian Liando+, Chaojie Gu+, Rui Tan+, Mo Li+ and Olivier Seller++
++Semtech, France, +NTU, SG, in ACM TOSN, February, 2023.

[Industry Standard] TR-013: Enabling CSMA for LoRaWAN {view}
Amalinda Gamage+, Geofforoy de Guillebon++, Mo Li+, Miguel Luis++, Olivier Seller++,
++Semtech, France, +NTU, SG, in LoRa Alliance Technical Recommendations, September, 2023.

Project Website | MobiCom 5min pitch

[ABSTRACT] The absent ability to perform carrier-sense on off-the-shelf LoRa end devices has impeded studies and implementations of the suitable Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) schemes for LoRa. Currently, the LoRa networks, including those organized in an ad-hoc manner or by following the LoRaWAN specification, adopt an ALOHA media access control (MAC) mechanism to access communication mediums defined by radio frequency and the spreading factor (SF) of the chirp spread spectrum (CCS) modulation. Although ALOHA allows a simple network implementation, it is not competent with keeping up with the increasing demand of IoT devices added to the ISM band. For this reason, even though devices may conform to channel usage limitations (e.g., 0.1% or 1% duty cycle in Europe), the ALOHA-based LoRa networks will have degraded network performance due to massive collisions when the numbers of end devices grow sharply in this era of IoT.

In addition to the conference publicatiom, the TOSN extention looks into the following—

  1. Quantifying the limitations of RSS-CSMA.
  2. How LMAC enhances low SNR performance.
  3. Considering gradual adoption, co-existance of LMAC with ALOHA.
  4. Regulatory implications & compliance.

LoRa encourages orthogonal transmissions Channel sensing via RSS cripples LoRa's orthogonality— hurting spectral efficiency.

LoRa frames can go underneath noise floor LoRa frames can well traverse underneath the noise floor, RSS based channel sensing will falsely report free channels— hurting weak frames.

LMAC vs ALOHA: a recorded spectrogram indicating how much more disciplined the spectrum is under LMAC-2 compared to ALOHA for the same network demand.

Known and Unkown Facts of LoRa: Experiences from a Large Scale Measurement Study.

Jansen Christian Liando+,Amalinda Gamage+, Agustinus W. Tengourtius +, Mo Li+
+ NTU,SG,
{ TOSN'19 }

[ABSTRACT] Long Range (LoRa) is a Low-power Wide-area Network technology designed for the Internet of Things. In recent years, it has gained significant momentum among industrial and research communities. Patented by Semtech, LoRa makes use of chirp spread spectrum modulation to deliver data with promises of long battery life, far-reaching communication distances, and a high node density at the cost of data rate. In this article, we conduct a series of experiments to verify the claims made by Semtech on LoRa technology. Our results show that LoRa is capable of communicating over 10km under line-of-sight environments. However, under non-line-of-sight environments, LoRa’s performance is severely affected by obstructions such as buildings and vegetations. Moreover, the promise of prolonged battery life requires extreme tuning of parameters. Last, a LoRa gateway supports up to 6,000 nodes with PRR requirement of >70%. This study also explores the relationship between LoRa transmission parameters and proposes an algorithm to determine optimal settings in terms of coverage and power consumption under non-line-of-sight environments. It further investigates the impact of LoRa Wide-area Networks on energy consumption and network capacity along with implementation of a LoRa medium access mechanism and possible gains brought forth by implementing such a mechanism.

Inside of a DIY LoRa basetation based on Raspberry Pi and SX1301 Inside a DIY SX1301 LoRa gateway.

Inside of a DIY LoRa node based on Atmega328 and SX1276 radio Components of a LoRa radio.

Energy Harvesting:

JumboNet: Design of a Kinetic Energy Harvester for Elephant Mounted Wireless Sensor Nodes.

Malitha Wijesundara+, Cristiano Tapparello++, Amalinda Gamage+, Yadhavan Gokulan+, Logan Gittelson++ Thomas Howard++,and Wendi Heinzelman++
+ Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, ++ University of Rochester, USA.
{ IEEE GLOBECOM }

[ABSTRACT] In areas where the habitats of elephants and humans are rapidly encroaching on each other, real-time monitoring of the elephants’ locations has the potential to drastically improve the co-existence of elephants and humans, resulting in reduced deaths in both groups. However, as tagging (using GPS collars) elephants to obtain such location information is difficult and costly, it is important to ensure very long lifetimes of the tags, which can only be achieved using energy harvesting.
In this paper, we present a kinetic energy harvester that uses magnetic levitation and ferro fluid bearings to generate energy from an elephant’s movements. In order to determine the feasibility of using this kinetic energy harvester for powering the tags on elephants, we obtained real acceleration data collected from an Asian elephant over a 10 day period, and this data was then used to tune the system to maximize the harvested energy. Using experimentally validated analytical and simulation models, and the actual elephant acceleration data, we find that our prototype can generate 88.91J of energy per day. This energy is not only sufficient to power the tags to acquire and transmit locations 24 times a day to a distance of 114km (line of sight), but provides a surplus of at least 35.40J, which can be used to increase the frequency of position updates or to support alternative communication options such as GPRS. Therefore, this shows the viability of long-term tracking of elephants.

An elephant wearing the tracker device A logger records x,y,z motion on elephant back for 10 days. An elephant wearing the tracker device Recorded motion is played on the harvester using a robotic arm. Highest energy is harvested when resonant frequency of harvester is matched with the FFT peak of motion data. Video


Service

[Kindly send review requests to manuscriptcentral ID [email protected]]

  • Reviewer for IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2023—
  • Reviewer for IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, 2023—
  • Reviewer for ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN), 2022—
  • Reviewer for IEEE Internet of Things Journal (IEEE IOTJ), 2022—
  • Reviewer for IEEE Communications Letters, 2022—
  • Reviewer for ACM Transactions on Internet of Things (TIOT), 2021—
  • Reviewer for ACM Transactions on Networking (TON), 2021—

Talks

  • Efficient Carrier-Sense Multiple Access for LoRa to LoRaWAN Alliance, 25th May 2021.
  • On the Applicability of Kinetic Harvesting for Real Time Monitoring of Wild Elephants at SLIIT Research Seminar Series, 4th August 2017 [~].

Teaching

  • AY 2020:
    • Teaching Assistant for [CE3005: Computer Networks, CZ3006: Netcentric Computing], Nanyang Technological University.
  • AY 2019:
    • Teaching Assistant for [CE3005: Computer Networks, CZ3006: Netcentric Computing], Nanyang Technological University.
  • AY 2017:
    • Assistant Lecturer for [EC300: Embedded Systems Engineering], Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology.
    • Assistant Lecturer for [IT448: Hardware Security], Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology.
    • Visiting Lecturer for [EE60303: Microprocessor Based Systems], University of Vocational Technology.
Further back in time...
  • AY 2016:
    • Visiting Lecturer for [EE60303: Microprocessor Based Systems], University of Vocational Technology.
    • Teaching Assistant for [EC300: Embedded Systems Engineering], Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology.
  • AY 2015:
    • Teaching Assistant for [EC300: Embedded Systems Engineering], Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology.
  • AY 2014:
    • Teaching Assistant for [EC300: Embedded Systems Engineering], Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology.

Miscellaneous

My Diet:

My diet follows veganism. List of fancy vegan spots in Singapore [1, 2].


My Approach to Computing:

I prefer the use of free software which follow a particular philosophy and promises particular freedoms.

PGP support for email

PGP encrypted emails are most welcome using my pgp key to any of my emails.